* According the tests performed at the Universities of Zurich/Switzerland and Michigan/USA.
** Initial concentration: 2 ppm at a flow rate of 200 l/h at 200C ((CFS equipped with AC 2000).
*** Initial concentration: approx. 10 times of the max. accepted concentration levels in Switzerland resp. Europe at a flow rate of 200 l/h and 200C.
| Documentation Source |
Pathogen |
Concentration |
Test Duration |
Results |
| 20 May 1947 |
| University of BasleInstitute of HygieneSwitzerland |
Coliform bacteria |
100,000,000/ml |
7 months |
100 % removal |
| 21 Apr 1953 |
| U.S. Testing Co.Hoboken, New Jersey,USA |
Salmonella typhosa
Escherichia coli
Shigella dysenteriae |
9,400,000/ml
7,500,000/ml
8,000,000/ml |
Single test
Single test
Single test |
100 %
100 %
100 % |
| 18 Jan 1954 |
| Harward UniversityDept. of Applied SciencesCambridge, USA |
Entamoeba histolytica |
400 cysts/ml |
2 single test |
100 % |
| 5 Jan 1962 |
| Swiss Tropical InstituteBasle, Switzerland |
Entamoeba invadens |
Positive large number |
Culture test |
Zero growth |
| 5 Apr 1970 |
| Laboratory of CentralBrunnen, Switzerland |
Escherichia coli |
3,000/ml |
6 years |
100 % |
| 4 May 1970 |
| University of Zurich Institute for MedicalMicrobiology, Switzerland |
Escherichia coli |
50,000/ml |
Single test |
100 % |
| 13 Nov 1972 |
| Waukesha County HealthWaukesha, Wisconsin, USA |
Coliform bacteria |
4,400/100ml |
2 single tests |
100 % |
| Jan 1976 |
| Institute PasteurLille, France |
Coliform total
Coliform faecalis
Streptococcus faecalis
Salmonella
Clostridium
Germs total 370C
200C |
46 x 107/100 ml
24 x 107/100ml
11 x 105/100ml
240/100 ml
5 x 105/100 ml
39 x 105/100 ml
56 x 105/100 ml |
Single test
Single test
Single test
Single test
Single test
Single test
Single test |
100 %
100 %
100 %
100 %
100 %
17
3 |
| 2-28 May 1981 |
| Centrilab BVSoest, Holland |
Escherichia coli
Streptococcus faecalis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
50,000/ml
50,000/ml
50,000/ml
|
26 days
26 days
26 days
|
100 %
100 %
100 %
|
| Sept 1981 |
| U.S. EPA/University of Michigan, Institute of Environmental and Industrial Health, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA |
Klebsiella aerogenes
Vibrio cholerae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Yersinia enterocolitica
Streptococcus faecalis
Aeromonas hydrophila |
1,000,000/ml
1,000/ml
1,000/ml
10,000/ml
10,000/ml
1,000,000/ml
|
21 culture tests per day over a 26 day period with alternate periods of non-use |
100 % |
| Jun 1982 |
| University of Michigan Institute of Environmental & Public Health Ann Arbor, Michigan USA |
Giardia muris
Tetrahymena
Multimicronucleatum
Paramecium pyriformis
Enterobacter aerogenes |
100,000 cysts/liter
100,000 cels/liter
100,000 organisms/liter
|
15 test usings polycarbonate filter membrane technique over 26 days with alternate periods non-use |
100 % removal |
| Jun 1986 |
| South African Bureau of Standards Pretoria, South Africa |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Escherichia coli
Salmonella typhi
Streptococcus faecalis |
Treated river water inoculated with mixed bacterial suspension |
10 days |
100 % |
| Jun 1990 |
| Department of Industry Labor and Human Relations Wisconsin, USA |
Giardia
Aeromonas hydrophila
Klebsiella aerogenes
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Streptococcus faecalis
Vibrio cholerae
Yersinia enterocolitica
Escherichia coli
Entamoeba histolytica |
100,000 cysts/ml
100,000 cells/ml
106 cells/ml
10,000 cells/ml
100,000 cells/ml
10,000 cells/ml
100,000 cells/ml
7.6 x 106 cells/ml
400 cysts/ml
|
Single test
Single test
Single test
Single test
Single test
Single test
Single test
Single test
Single test
|
100 %
100 %
100 %
100 %
100 %
100 %
100 %
100 %
100 %
|
| Jun-Jul 1991 |
| Laboratorio Clinico Lima Perú |
Escherichia coli
Enterobacter aerogenes
Vibrio cholerae
Escherichia coli
Proteus vulgaris
Aerobacter aerogenes
Streptococcus B |
21,500/ml
12,500/ml
700,000/ml
500,000/ml
500,000/ml
100,000/ml
100,000/ml |
Single test
Single test
Single test
Single test
Single test
Single test
Single test |
100 %
100 %
100 %
100 %
100 %
100 %
100 % |
| Nov 1991 |
| Ministeriode SaludBuenos Aires, Argentina |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Escherichia coli
Vibrio cholerae |
26,000/ml
28,500/ml
23,000/ml |
Single test
Single test
Single test |
100 %
100 %
100 % |
| Mar 1994 |
Swiss Tropical
InstituteBasle, Switzerland |
Giardia lamblia
Entamoeba invadens |
3 x 106 cysts/ml
2/4 x 104 cysts/ml |
Culture test
Culture test
|
100 %
removal
100 % removal |